{
  "document_metadata": {
    "page_number": "27",
    "document_number": "397-2",
    "date": "10/29/21",
    "document_type": "court document",
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  "full_text": "Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 397-2 Filed 10/29/21 Page 27 of 45\n160\nMcElvaney\n\n'This paper reviews the research on disclosure patterns of childhood sexual abuse'\n\nmental health outcomes. This paper reviews the research on disclosure patterns of childhood sexual abuse, specifically delays in disclosure, non-disclosure (as evident through adult retrospective studies) and partial disclosures, and discusses implications for practice. Literature searches of the online databases PSYCINFO and Social Sciences Citation Index, in addition to manual searches of texts published since 2000, were conducted using the search terms 'child sexual abuse', 'sex abuse' and 'disclosure'.\n\nThe research to date on disclosure patterns is based on two sampling methodologies - studies of adults reporting retrospective experiences and studies of children. The former group of studies has the benefit of drawing on large-scale national probability samples which can be considered to be representative of the general population. The latter group with some small exceptions (predominantly adolescent studies) uses samples of young people who have disclosed sexual abuse but would not be considered as representative of all children who have been abused:\n\n'children who decide to tell someone about being sexually abused and whose cases therefore come to court are not representative of sexually abused children in general' (Olafson and Lederman, 2006, p. 29).\n\nPatterns of Disclosure: Delays and Non-disclosure\n\n'Most people who experience sexual abuse in childhood do not disclose this abuse until adulthood'\n\nThere is consensus in the research literature that most people who experience sexual abuse in childhood do not disclose this abuse until adulthood, and when disclosure does occur in childhood, significant delays are common. Table 1 summarises two large-scale studies to highlight the extent of delays in disclosure and the percentage of those who did not disclose to anyone prior to the study.\n\nKogan (2004) examined the timing of disclosure of unwanted sexual experiences in childhood or adolescence in a sub-sample (n = 263 adolescent women, aged 12 to 17) of the National Survey of Adolescents (Kilpatrick and Saunders, 1995) in the USA - a nationally representative study. Kogan's results can be summarised as follows: immediate disclosure (within 1 month) 43 per cent, delayed disclosure (less than 1 year) 31 per cent and non-disclosure (disclosed only during the survey) 26 per cent. Smith and colleagues (2000) examined a sub-sample (n = 288) of the National Women's Study in the USA (Resnick et al., 1993, cited in Smith et al., 2000) who had reported a childhood rape prior to the age of 18. Smith et al.'s findings can be summarised as follows: immediate disclosure (within 1 month) 27 per cent, delayed disclosure (more than a year) 58 per cent and non-disclosure (survey only) 28 per cent. Those who had never disclosed prior to the survey constitute comparable proportions in these two studies while the rates for immediate disclosure and delayed disclosure vary.\n\nTable 1. Patterns of disclosure - delay and non-disclosure\n\n|                | Kogan (2004) (n = 263 adolescents) | Smith et al. (2000) (n = 288 adults) |\n|----------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------|\n| Told within 24 hours | 24%                           | 18%                                 |\n| Told within 1 month  | 19%                           | 9%                                  |\n| Told within 1 year   | 12%                           | 11%                                 |\n| Delayed telling more than 1 year | 19%                      | 47%                                 |\n| Never told before survey     | 26%                      | 28%                                 |\n\nCopyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.                     Child Abuse Rev. Vol. 24: 159–169 (2015)\nDOI: 10.1002/car\nDOJ-OGR-00005937",
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      "content": "Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 397-2 Filed 10/29/21 Page 27 of 45",
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      "type": "printed",
      "content": "160\nMcElvaney",
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    {
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      "content": "'This paper reviews the research on disclosure patterns of childhood sexual abuse'",
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      "content": "mental health outcomes. This paper reviews the research on disclosure patterns of childhood sexual abuse, specifically delays in disclosure, non-disclosure (as evident through adult retrospective studies) and partial disclosures, and discusses implications for practice. Literature searches of the online databases PSYCINFO and Social Sciences Citation Index, in addition to manual searches of texts published since 2000, were conducted using the search terms 'child sexual abuse', 'sex abuse' and 'disclosure'.",
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    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "The research to date on disclosure patterns is based on two sampling methodologies - studies of adults reporting retrospective experiences and studies of children. The former group of studies has the benefit of drawing on large-scale national probability samples which can be considered to be representative of the general population. The latter group with some small exceptions (predominantly adolescent studies) uses samples of young people who have disclosed sexual abuse but would not be considered as representative of all children who have been abused:'children who decide to tell someone about being sexually abused and whose cases therefore come to court are not representative of sexually abused children in general' (Olafson and Lederman, 2006, p. 29).",
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    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "Patterns of Disclosure: Delays and Non-disclosure",
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      "content": "'Most people who experience sexual abuse in childhood do not disclose this abuse until adulthood'",
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      "content": "There is consensus in the research literature that most people who experience sexual abuse in childhood do not disclose this abuse until adulthood, and when disclosure does occur in childhood, significant delays are common. Table 1 summarises two large-scale studies to highlight the extent of delays in disclosure and the percentage of those who did not disclose to anyone prior to the study.Kogan (2004) examined the timing of disclosure of unwanted sexual experiences in childhood or adolescence in a sub-sample (n = 263 adolescent women, aged 12 to 17) of the National Survey of Adolescents (Kilpatrick and Saunders, 1995) in the USA - a nationally representative study. Kogan's results can be summarised as follows: immediate disclosure (within 1 month) 43 per cent, delayed disclosure (less than 1 year) 31 per cent and non-disclosure (disclosed only during the survey) 26 per cent. Smith and colleagues (2000) examined a sub-sample (n = 288) of the National Women's Study in the USA (Resnick et al., 1993, cited in Smith et al., 2000) who had reported a childhood rape prior to the age of 18. Smith et al.'s findings can be summarised as follows: immediate disclosure (within 1 month) 27 per cent, delayed disclosure (more than a year) 58 per cent and non-disclosure (survey only) 28 per cent. Those who had never disclosed prior to the survey constitute comparable proportions in these two studies while the rates for immediate disclosure and delayed disclosure vary.",
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      "type": "printed",
      "content": "Table 1. Patterns of disclosure - delay and non-disclosure",
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      "content": "|                | Kogan (2004) (n = 263 adolescents) | Smith et al. (2000) (n = 288 adults) |\n|----------------|--------------------------------|--------------------------------------|\n| Told within 24 hours | 24%                           | 18%                                 |\n| Told within 1 month  | 19%                           | 9%                                  |\n| Told within 1 year   | 12%                           | 11%                                 |\n| Delayed telling more than 1 year | 19%                      | 47%                                 |\n| Never told before survey     | 26%                      | 28%                                 |",
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    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.                     Child Abuse Rev. Vol. 24: 159–169 (2015)\nDOI: 10.1002/car\nDOJ-OGR-00005937",
      "position": "footer"
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  ],
  "entities": {
    "people": [
      "Olafson",
      "Lederman",
      "Kogan",
      "Kilpatrick",
      "Saunders",
      "Resnick",
      "Smith"
    ],
    "organizations": [
      "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."
    ],
    "locations": [
      "USA"
    ],
    "dates": [
      "2000",
      "2004",
      "2006",
      "2013",
      "2015",
      "10/29/21"
    ],
    "reference_numbers": [
      "1:20-cr-00330-PAE",
      "397-2",
      "DOJ-OGR-00005937"
    ]
  },
  "additional_notes": "The document appears to be a court document related to a case involving childhood sexual abuse. The text discusses research on disclosure patterns of childhood sexual abuse. The document is well-formatted and contains a table summarizing the findings of two studies."
}