{
  "document_metadata": {
    "page_number": "8",
    "document_number": "397-1",
    "date": "10/29/21",
    "document_type": "court document",
    "has_handwriting": false,
    "has_stamps": false
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  "full_text": "Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 397-1 Filed 10/29/21 Page 8 of 43\nGrooming in Child Sexual Abuse 963\nwhich makes the definitional and measurement process even more complex as each of these stages must be delineated and validly measured, and this must be done with the proposed sequencing as well. For example, Wyre's (1987) proposed stages for intrafamilial abuse involved 13 separate steps, the first 10 of which according to the author can be identified as grooming behaviors. As Howitt (1995) pointed out, this account of the abuse cycle makes it \"appear a relatively short-term and repetitive process\" (p. 85), which certainly is not representative of all cases of child sexual abuse.\n\nGROOMING AS A DEVIANT PROCESS\n\nPart of the difficulty in identifying and clarifying a useful definition of grooming is the fact that many behaviors used by perpetrators appear quite similar to behaviors seen in normal adult-child relationships. Buying gifts for children or taking them on private outings obviously are not always precursors to sexual abuse. Using the male sports world as an example, Hartill (2009) wrote that \"in preparing for the abuse, the perpetrator is able to use such 'disinhibiting' techniques through drawing on practices and discourses that are, to varying degrees, a normative feature within many, if not all, male sports contexts\" (p. 239). Obviously part of the reason for this similarity to normative behavior is that the potential abuser does not want to be detected and thus wants to disguise what he is setting out to accomplish. In addition, it must be recognized that not all sexual offenders use grooming techniques. Groth, Hobson, and Gary (1982) differentiated between \"child molesters\" and \"child rapists.\" Part of this distinction for these authors stems from their observation that child molesters use a grooming process on their victims, whereas child rapists do not, as their assaults occur suddenly. These authors also pointed out that child molesters are much more common than child rapists. Alternatively, some authors seem to construe grooming behaviors as mirroring behaviors seen in dating relationships between two consenting adults. For example, Herman (1981) wrote that sexually abusive fathers make an attempt to \"court\" their daughters by giving them flowers or presents (e.g., expensive jewelry or lingerie).\n\nTHE PREVALENCE OF GROOMING\n\nBecause the definition of grooming varies from study to study, currently there is no way to know precisely how prevalent grooming is because each study employs some variant of the definition. Nevertheless, there have been several empirical studies conducted with child molesters to determine what specific methods they frequently use to choose their victims, initiate the abuse, and keep their victims from disclosing. Other researchers have chosen to focus\nDOJ-OGR-00005875",
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      "type": "printed",
      "content": "Case 1:20-cr-00330-PAE Document 397-1 Filed 10/29/21 Page 8 of 43",
      "position": "header"
    },
    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "Grooming in Child Sexual Abuse 963",
      "position": "header"
    },
    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "which makes the definitional and measurement process even more complex as each of these stages must be delineated and validly measured, and this must be done with the proposed sequencing as well. For example, Wyre's (1987) proposed stages for intrafamilial abuse involved 13 separate steps, the first 10 of which according to the author can be identified as grooming behaviors. As Howitt (1995) pointed out, this account of the abuse cycle makes it \"appear a relatively short-term and repetitive process\" (p. 85), which certainly is not representative of all cases of child sexual abuse.",
      "position": "body"
    },
    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "GROOMING AS A DEVIANT PROCESS",
      "position": "heading"
    },
    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "Part of the difficulty in identifying and clarifying a useful definition of grooming is the fact that many behaviors used by perpetrators appear quite similar to behaviors seen in normal adult-child relationships. Buying gifts for children or taking them on private outings obviously are not always precursors to sexual abuse. Using the male sports world as an example, Hartill (2009) wrote that \"in preparing for the abuse, the perpetrator is able to use such 'disinhibiting' techniques through drawing on practices and discourses that are, to varying degrees, a normative feature within many, if not all, male sports contexts\" (p. 239). Obviously part of the reason for this similarity to normative behavior is that the potential abuser does not want to be detected and thus wants to disguise what he is setting out to accomplish. In addition, it must be recognized that not all sexual offenders use grooming techniques. Groth, Hobson, and Gary (1982) differentiated between \"child molesters\" and \"child rapists.\" Part of this distinction for these authors stems from their observation that child molesters use a grooming process on their victims, whereas child rapists do not, as their assaults occur suddenly. These authors also pointed out that child molesters are much more common than child rapists. Alternatively, some authors seem to construe grooming behaviors as mirroring behaviors seen in dating relationships between two consenting adults. For example, Herman (1981) wrote that sexually abusive fathers make an attempt to \"court\" their daughters by giving them flowers or presents (e.g., expensive jewelry or lingerie).",
      "position": "body"
    },
    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "THE PREVALENCE OF GROOMING",
      "position": "heading"
    },
    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "Because the definition of grooming varies from study to study, currently there is no way to know precisely how prevalent grooming is because each study employs some variant of the definition. Nevertheless, there have been several empirical studies conducted with child molesters to determine what specific methods they frequently use to choose their victims, initiate the abuse, and keep their victims from disclosing. Other researchers have chosen to focus",
      "position": "body"
    },
    {
      "type": "printed",
      "content": "DOJ-OGR-00005875",
      "position": "footer"
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  ],
  "entities": {
    "people": [
      "Wyre",
      "Howitt",
      "Hartill",
      "Groth",
      "Hobson",
      "Gary",
      "Herman"
    ],
    "organizations": [
      "DOJ"
    ],
    "locations": [],
    "dates": [
      "1981",
      "1982",
      "1987",
      "1995",
      "2009",
      "10/29/21"
    ],
    "reference_numbers": [
      "1:20-cr-00330-PAE",
      "397-1",
      "DOJ-OGR-00005875"
    ]
  },
  "additional_notes": "The document appears to be a court filing related to a case involving child sexual abuse. The text discusses the concept of grooming in the context of child sexual abuse, including its definition, prevalence, and characteristics. The document is well-formatted and free of significant damage or redactions."
}